Publications

Pervasive computing is a vision about computers blending into the background, being there to assist us when we need them, but not requiring constant attention. The vision covers scenarios in the home, at work, and out in the street, and builds on the ongoing development towards an increasing number of embedded computers with network connectivity. The thesis presents the assembly as a lightweight mechanism for combination of devices and services in pervasive computing environments. The assembly is intended to be modifiable by an end user, and to facilitate ad-hoc combinations of services as well as adaptations to changes in services. It does so by separating configuration and coordination, specified in an assembly descriptor, from computation, specified in the services. It supports end-user understanding by using service descriptions that can be inspected and interacted with directly through rendered user interfaces. This gives more flexibility than approaches based on domain-level standardization. An assembly can give rise to services of its own, referred to as synthesized services. The synthesized services can be used by other assemblies in turn, for dealing with complex systems in a hierarchical way. Assemblies and services are elements of the open architecture developed in the project PalCom, and are supported by its communication and discovery protocols. The protocols target resource-constrained devices and situations with varying network connectivity, as required in several of the scenarios studied in PalCom, and they presume no central infrastructure. A central mechanism is the Pacemaker Protocol, which lets devices become aware of each other, using a heartbeat frequency that can be controlled at the application level. A language for assembly descriptors has been defined, tools have been developed, and frameworks and middleware have been implemented for the developer of PalCom services. These have been used by PalCom partners when building prototypes for scenarios, studied in cooperation with prospective end users in the fields of emergency response, landscape architecture, neonatology, and physical-functional and cognitive rehabilitation.

@PhdThesis{svenssonfors2009,
  title = "Assemblies of Pervasive Services",
  author = "David Svensson Fors",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/AssembliesOfPervasiveServices.pdf}",
  institution = "Dept. of Computer Science, Lund University",
  year = "2009",
}

This thesis describes the relation between software architectural development and use practices in the field of Ubiquitous Computing. The main objective is the evaluation of an open software architecture that addresses palpable use of technology, i.e. assemblability, adaptability, resource awareness and experimentability. It focuses on middleware architecture for managing, using and controlling distributed, networked and embedded computational resources. The rationale of this work stems from the fact that current Ubiquitous Computing systems are designed for invisibility, automation and scalability. Despite this assumption was part of the initial fascinating vision of Ubiquitous Computing, it has rarely been accompanied by the concrete possibility for the end-users to understand, control, adapt and customize technology. The assumption behind this research is that the multitudes of interconnected devices may rely on a common enabling software architecture, and this has to be designed according to end-users' needs. This work attempts to understand and evaluate the architectural mechanisms required by usable ubiquitous technology. We study if and how palpable computing might support the peculiar challenges posed by the psychomotor therapy in the water for children with special needs. This is done through the Active Surfaces case study. Active Surfaces is a distributed, embedded and modular system developed to support the therapists for the intervention with disabled children. The research is described in five steps. First the notion of palpability of UbiComp technology is introduced and discussed through the description of architectural qualities. The second step is the understanding of the implications the case study may have, and the current practices of the therapists are analysed. The third and fourth steps are the design and prototyping of Active Surfaces. The development of the open architecture; the different architectural and application prototypes are described. The fifth step is represented by the experimentations. The experimental plan, the methods and the results are described for both the software performance testing and the user testing. The approach followed integrates ethnographic methods, interaction design and software architecture engineering as different strands that are interwoven in the iterative research process.

@PhdThesis{pollini2008thesis,
  title = "Experimenting with an Ubiquitous Computing Open Architecture",
  author = "Alessandro Pollini",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/PhD-Thesis-Pollini.pdf}",
  institution = "University of Siena",
  year = "2008",
}

Abstract will be uploaded when the article has been published (Spring/Summer 2008)

@Article{bkm2008incidentsfuturelab,
  title = "Making the future palpable: Notes from a major incident Future Laboratory Journal paper",
  author = "Monika Büscher and  Margit Kristensen and  Preben Holst Mogensen",
  journal = "International Journal of Emergency Management",
  year = "2008",
}

‘User-designer relations’ concerns the sorts of working relationships that arise between developers and end users of IT products - the different ways designers of IT products seek to engage with users, and the ways users seek to influence product design. It is through the shifting patterns of these relations that IT products are realised. Although it has generally been accepted that achieving better user-designer relations will improve the quality of IT products, there has been little consensus on how this might be achieved. This book aims to deepen our understanding of the relationships between users and designers both as they emerge in the wild and as a consequence of our attempts to intervene. Through a series of case studies the book juxtaposes in-depth explorations of different perspectives and approaches to thinking about - and doing - user-designer relations, considering important implications for design and computer science more generally.

@Book{Springer Verlag,
  title = "Configuring user-designer relations: Interdisciplinary perspectives.",
  author = "Alex Voß and  Mark Hartswood and  Kate Ho and  Rob Procter and  Mark Rouncefield and  Roger Slack and  Monika Büscher",
  year = "2007",
}

Composition of services, i.e., providing new services by combining existing ones, is an idea pervading ubiquitous computing. We surveyed the field by looking at what features are actually present in technologies that support service composition in some form. Condensing this into a list of features allowed us to discuss the qualitative merits and drawbacks of various approaches to service composition, focusing in particular on usability, adaptability and efficiency. Moreover, we found that further research is needed into quality-of-service assurance of composites and into contingency management for composites—one of the concerns differentiating service composition in ubiquitous computing from its counterpart in less dynamic settings.

@Misc{brønsted2007,
  title = "A Survey of Service Composition Mechanisms in Ubiquitous Computing",
  author = "Jeppe Brønsted and  Klaus Marius Hansen and  Mads Ingstrup",
  howpublished = "Workshop on Requirements and Solutions for Pervasive Software Infrastructures",
  year = "2007",
}

A number of researchers have observed that ubiquitous applications pose new challenges to usability because their locus of interaction has moved away from the traditional computer desktop and been distributed through the everyday world. We argue that the distributed nature of ubicomp infrastructure also poses interaction challenges. Ubicomp systems are made up of collections of components only some of which the user may have access to or be able to control. We propose a solution to this problem based on architectural reflection, essentially making aspects of a system’s architecture visible in its interaction model, an approach we label “technical translucence.” We present a case study in which architectural reflection is used to give insight into and control over privacy in a distributed, location-based system.

@Misc{ingstrup2007b,
  title = "What are we interacting with ? : Architectural Reflection for Technical Translucence in Ubiquitous Computing",
  author = "Mads Ingstrup and  Paul Dourish",
  howpublished = "Workshop on Designing for Palpability at Pervasive 2007",
  year = "2007",
}

Palpability comprises both mental and physical apprehensibility. We describe how reflection can enable programs to be self-documenting. We describe how programs are made of abstractions, how such abstractions can be inspected and how they can be meaningful and not-too-complex for users. We exemplify our approach using the architectural concept of a connector.

@Misc{ingstrup2007a,
  title = "Inspecting Abstractions as a means to palpability of programs",
  author = "Mads Ingstrup and  Jesper Wolff Olsen",
  howpublished = "Workshop on Designing for Palpability at Pervasive 2007",
  year = "2007",
}

The JastAdd Extensible Java Compiler is a high quality Java compiler that is easy to extend in order to build static analysis tools for Java, and to extend Java with new language constructs. It is built modularly, with a Java 1.4 compiler that is extended to a Java 5 compiler. Example applications that are built as extensions include an alternative backend that generates Jimple, an extension of Java with AspectJ constructs, and the implementation of a pluggable type system for non-null checking and inferenc. The system is implemented using JastAdd, a declarative Java-like language. We describe the compiler architecture, the major design ideas for building and extending the compiler, in particular, for dealing with complex extensions that affect name and type analysis. Our extensible compiler compares very favorably concerning quality, speed and size with other extensible Java compiler frameworks. It also compares favorably in quality and size compared with traditional non-extensible Java compilers, and it runs within a factor of three compared to javac.

@InProceedings{ekman-oopsla07,
  title = "The JastAdd Extensible Java Compiler",
  author = "Torbjörn Ekman and  Görel Hedin",
  pages = "1-18",
  booktitle = "OOPSLA '07: Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object oriented programming systems and applications",
  address = "Montreal, Quebec, Canada",
  year = "2007",
}

We discuss the design ideal of explicit interaction, which is a way to approach the dimensions of explicitness versus ambience and explicitness versus obtrusiveness in ubiquitous computing. Explicit interaction refers to interaction techniques designed to make actions and intentions visible, understandable and accountable. We introduce three levels of analysis—usability, materialization, and social performance— and present the design of an explicit interaction assembly of devices for rehabilitation after hand surgery. The assembly, intended to support video recording during patient-therapist consultations, is evaluated and we find that it provides superior usability and the potential to improve rehabilitation outcomes through materialization. Moreover,we find that the design of cues to support the social practice in the rehabilitation ward needs to be improved since the assembly allowed for uses unanticipated during the design

@InProceedings{1226994,
  title = "Explicit Interaction for Surgical Rehabilitation",
  author = "Tomas Sokoler and  Jonas Löwgren and  Mette Agger Eriksen and  Per Linde and  Stefan Olofsson",
  booktitle = "TEI'07, 15-17 Feb 2007, Baton Rouge, LA, USA",
  year = "2007",
}

Ambient Intelligence, pervasive and unobtrusive computing research is introducing new perspectives in a wide range of applications. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit represents a complex and multi-output context aimed at monitoring and controlling biological signals and parameters in premature newborn. This paper details some methodological and design options for developing technologies that allow end-user composition and control. These options enhance consistent user experiences in environments where different devices, services and processes co-exist. In particular we describe the notion of assemblies of monitoring devices, interpreted as the combination of sensors, tools and services in a distributed and unobtrusive computational and monitoring environment. We report on the importance of flexibility and user-control in the use of such technological assemblies in a neonatal intensive care unit, describing an early prototype of such monitoring system.

@InProceedings{http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76652-0_21,
  title = "Assemblies of heterogeneous technologies at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit",
  author = "Erik Grönvall and Luca Piccini and Alessandro Pollini and Alessia Rullo and Giuseppe Andreoni",
  pages = "18",
  booktitle = "AmI",
  year = "2007",
}

In ubiquitous computing, as more and more devices are embedded into the environment, there is a risk that the user loses the understanding of the system. In normal use this is not always a problem, but when breakdowns occur it is crucial that the user understands the system to be able to handle the situation. The concept of palpable computing, introduced by the PalCom project, denotes systems which support such understandability. In PalCom, a set of prototype scenarios provide input for an open software architecture and a conceptual framework for palpable computing. One of these prototype scenarios is based on the Active Surfaces concept in which therapists rehabilitate physically and mentally impaired children by means of an activity that stimulates the children both physically and cognitively. In this paper we demonstrate how palpability can be supported in a prototype of the Active Surfaces. Services on the tiles have been developed using the PalCom service framework that allows them to be combined into PalCom assemblies. The support for palpability is shown by examples of use scenarios from the work of the therapist who can inspect and alter the runtime state of the tiles to change their configuration and cope with breakdown situations. The prototype implementation runs on a standard PC simulating the network layer and a first reference implementation has been made on the target embedded platform.

@Misc{bronsted,
  title = "Palpability support demonstrated",
  author = "Jeppe Brønsted and  Erik Grönvall and  David Fors",
  howpublished = "http://www.daimi.au.dk/%7Ejb/papers/bronsted07d.pdf",
  misc = "To appear in 'Proceedings of the 2007 IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC 2007)' ",
  year = "2007",
}

A Mobile Ad Hoc NETwork (MANET) is formed by the association of mobile devices, usually wireless and capable of multi-hop communication among themselves even if there is no networking infrastructure available. Devices may join and leave the network anytime, and devices may move randomly within the network, which leads to a permanently changing availability of services and resources. Generally, if some MANET nodes are connected to external networks, a couple of them might act as gateways towards those networks. Therefore, the possible service scenery may range from premium services – residing on servers and accessed through the gateways – to simple software components and hardware resources which can be used by other devices. The former may use standard QoS attributes like response time, availability, etc. The latter are commonly residing on moveable devices within the network and need therefore other attributes and mechanism to rank and select among them. In this paper we present a basic framework for evaluating a potential value for every service expressing the current capability for providing its functionality. Therefore, a lightweight middleware component on every device uses a selective benchmark strategy analyzing context, resource-related, and service-level information. The resulting potential value can be used to make fast decisions for service selection and contingency reaction.

@InProceedings{PWSK2007c,
  title = "Support for fast Service Selection in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks using a Selective Benchmark Strategy",
  author = "Guenter Prochart and  Reinhold Weiss and  Reiner Schmid and  Gerald Kaefer",
  year = "2007",
}

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) devices may join and leave the network anytime, and devices may move randomly within the network. The arbitrary topology can vary rapidly and unpredictably which leads to a permanently changing availability of services. Devices in the network could typically be very resource-constraint and the resource situation may change rapidly, e.g. battery power may fade away, or due to memory limits a service may not currently run on a device, though it is available in principle. Therefore, dynamic service composition is inevitable and possible alternative compositions should be evaluated even if a valid composite service was found for a given task. These alternative compositions can be used in case a service or device of a selected composite service becomes unavailable. In order to manage the network’s dynamic behavior which could introduce great complexity we propose a resource management component on every device which offers services to be used by other devices. This middleware layer should constantly benchmark the capability of a service being a potential candidate for a composite service in a certain situation. Hence, the process of service selection and the procedure of rating different possible valid compositions are disburdened allowing fast decision making and contingency reaction.

@InProceedings{PWSK2007b,
  title = "Fuzzy-based Support for Service Composition in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks",
  author = "Guenter Prochart and  Reinhold Weiss and  Reiner Schmid and  Gerald Kaefer",
  booktitle = "In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Services Integration in Pervasive Environments (SIPE 2007). ",
  misc = "In Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Workshop on Services Integration in Pervasive Environments (SIPE 2007). In conjunction with IEEE ICPS 2007.

",
  year = "2007",
}

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) dynamic service composition is essential because of the permanently changing availability of services. Moreover, the usage of available resources providing services has to be managed. Devices could typically be very resource-constraint and the resource situation may change rapidly, e.g. battery power may fade away, or due to memory limits a service may not currently run on a device, though it is available in principle. In the field of rapidly changing environments finding optimized solutions may not be the first choice because of their required time and resource complexity. Therefore, we present a policy based high level resource management approach for service composition in mobile ad hoc networks.

@InProceedings{PWSK2007,
  title = "Policy Based Resource Management for Service Composition in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks",
  author = "Guenter Prochart and  Reinhold Weiss and  Reiner Schmid and  Gerald Kaefer",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Managing Ubiquitous Communications and Services 2007 (part of IM 2007). ",
  misc = "Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Managing Ubiquitous Communications and Services 2007 (part of IM 2007). ). Published in multicon lecture notes – No. 4 (ISBN 3-930736-07-1).",
  year = "2007",
}

The stream programming paradigm aims to expose coarse-grained parallelism in applications that must process continuous sequences of events. The appeal of stream programming comes from its conceptual simplicity. A program is a set of independent filters which communicate exclusively by the means of unidirectional data channels. The model reduces opportunities for data races as the output behavior of a filter is completely determined by the state of its input channels. Previous work has shown that stream programs can be implemented very efficiently on modern multiprocessors. StreamFlex is an extension to Java which marries streams with objects and allows programmers to integrate stream processors with traditional object-oriented components in the same virtual machine. StreamFlex targets high-throughput low-latency application with stringent quality-of-service requirements. To achieve these goals, we must both extend and restrict Java. In order to allow for program optimization and provide latency guarantees, the StreamFlex compiler restricts Java in that it imposes a stricter typing discipline on the code to be run in filters. On the other hand, StreamFlex extends the Java virtual machine with transactional channels and type-safe region-based allocation. The result is a rich language that can be implemented efficiently. In our experiments, we have been able to run a streaming task, concurrently with some plain Java threads, periodically every 80 microseconds with less than 2% deadline misses.

@InProceedings{spring2007stream,
  title = "StreamFlex - High-throughput Stream Programming in Java",
  author = "Jesper Honig Spring and  Jean Privat and  Rachid Guerraoui and  Jan Vitek and ",
  booktitle = "2007 ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Application (OOPSLA)",
  year = "2007",
}

This paper presents the Weight-Watcher service. This service aims at providing resource consumption measurements and estimations for software executing on resource constrained devices. By using the Weight-Watcher, software components can continuously adapt and optimize their quality of service with respect to resource availability. The interface of the service is composed of a Profiler and a Predictor. We present an implementation that is lightweight in terms of CPU and memory. We also performed various experiments that convey (a) the tradeoff between the memory consumption of the service and the accuracy of the prediction, as well as (b) a maximum overhead of 10% on the execution speed of the VM for the Profiler to provide accurate measurements.

@InProceedings{monodWeight,
  title = "The Weight-Watcher Service and its Lightweight Implementation",
  author = "Benoit Garbinato and  Rachid Guerraoui and  Jarle Hulaas and  Alexei Kounine and  Maxime Monod and  Jesper Honig Spring",
  booktitle = "International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation (SAMOS VII), Samos",
  year = "2007",
}

Commercial Java virtual machines are designed to maximize the performance of applications at the expense of predictability. High throughput garbage collection algorithms, for example, can introduce pauses of 100 milliseconds or more. We are interested in supporting applications with response times in the tens of microseconds and their integration with larger timing-oblivious applications in the same Java virtual machine. We propose Reflexes, a new abstraction for writing highly responsive systems in Java and investigate the virtual machine support needed to add Reflexes to a Java environment. Our implementation of Reflexes was evaluated on several programs including an audio-processing application running at 22.05KHz. The number of missed deadlines, less than 0.2% for 10 million observations, compares favorably to a native C implementation.

@InProceedings{springReflex,
  title = "Reflexes: Programming Abstractions for Highly Responsive Systems",
  author = " Jesper H. Spring and  Rachid Guerraoui and  Filip Pizlo and  Jan Vitek",
  booktitle = "Third International ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS Conference on Virtual Execution Environments, San Diego, USA",
  year = "2007",
}

Composition of services, i.e., providing new services by only combining existing, is a pervasive idea in ubiquitous computing. We surveyed the field by looking at what features are actually present in technologies that support service composition in some form. Condensing this into a list of features allowed us to discuss the qualitative merits and drawbacks of various approaches to service composition, focusing in particular on usability, modifiability and further, we found that further research is needed into quality-of-service assurance of composites and into contingency management for composites -- one of the concerns differentiating service composition in ubiquitous computing from its less dynamic settings.

@TechReport{brondsted2007RSPSI2,
  title = "A Survey of Service Composition Mechanisms in Ubiquitous Computing",
  author = "Jeppe Brønsted and  Klaus Marius Hansen and  Mads Ingstrup",
  institution = "Institute of Computer Science, University of Aarhus",
  misc = "Submitted for 'Second Workshop on Requirements and Solutions for Pervasive Software Infrastructures (RSPSI)' at Ubicomp 2007, http://www.igd.fhg.de/igd-a1/RSPSI2.",
  year = "2007",
}

In this chapter we describe how we bring participatory design to the design of the PalCom open architecture. We explore the intersections between users, developers and architects, focussing on the evolution of the concept of ‘assemblies’ through a series of reflections from different perspectives, revealing how perspectives and experiences from use, application prototype design and software architecture design intertwine in the participatory design of the PalCom open architecture. We formulate some core technical challenges, describe scenarios derived from work practice of prototypes in use, and consider implications for software architecture. We explore the ways in which the concept of ‘assembly’ was taken up in the PalCom open architecture. We draw out some key insights from this reflective process.

@InCollection{buscher2007_bottom_up,
  title = "Bottom-up, top-down? Connecting software architecture design with use, ",
  author = "Monika Büscher and  Michal Christensen and  Klaus Marius Hansen and  Preben Mogensen and  Dan Shapiro",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Bottom-up-2.0.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Configuring user-designer relations: Interdisciplinary perspectives",
  editor = "Voß, A. and Hartswood, M. and Ho, K. and Procter, R. and Rouncefield, M. and Slack, R. and Büscher, M.",
  publisher = "Springer Verlag",
  misc = "In Voß, A., Hartswood, M.; Ho, K., Procter, R.; Rouncefield, M.; Slack, R.; Büscher, M. Configuring user-designer relations: Interdisciplinary perspectives . Springer Verlag, Accepted for publication in 2007.",
  year = "2007",
}

The paper reports an early study on inspection strategies of high-risk systems using ambient computing technologies. Traditionally, the main goal of ambient, pervasive and ubiquitous computing applications is to make the technology transparent or invisible for the users. However this sort of technological disappearance is not always desirable in particular in presence of any failure in the system. In such an event the user would benefit from the visibility of the system state, and from adopting inspection strategies to detect the error and take, if possible, the necessary correctional measures. The paper presents a study performed in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit where novel ambient computing technologies and related inspection strategies are currently being designed and assessed in the context of the European project PalCom (http://www.ist-palcom.org/).

@InProceedings{marti2007_supp_inspect,
  title = "Supporting inspection strategies through palpable assemblies",
  author = "Patricia Marti and  Erik Grønvall and  Alessandro Pollini and  Alessia Rullo",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Marti_etal.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007",
  address = "Toronto, Canada",
  misc = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007, May 13th-16th 2007 Toronto, Canada.",
  year = "2007",
}

This paper investigates how to design ICT support for emergency response. We conceptualize the incident site with people, vehicles, buildings etc. as boundary objects over which complex and imperfect work of coordination is done – and discuss how a 3D representation of these entities may be used as a way of bridging between the physical entities and the body of digital information about the site and the different entities, accumulating as the incident unfolds

@InProceedings{kyng2007_supp_palp_emergency,
  title = "Supporting Palpability in Emergency Response",
  author = "Morten Kyng and  Margit Kristensen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Kristensen_Kyng_PervResp07_v1-0.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007",
  address = "Toronto, Canada",
  misc = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007, May 13th-16th 2007 Toronto, Canada.",
  year = "2007",
}

Palpability comprises both mental and physical apprehensibility. We describe how reflection can be used enable programs to be self-documenting. We describe how programs are made of abstractions, how such abstractions can be inspected and how they can be meaningful and not-too-complex to users. We exemplify our approach using the architectural concept of a connector

@InProceedings{ingstrup2007_inspect,
  title = "Inspecting Abstractions as a Means to Palpability of Programs",
  author = "Mads Ingstrup and  Jesper Wolff Olsen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Ingstrup_pvc-workshop-v6-mads.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007",
  address = "Toronto, Canada",
  misc = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007, May 13th-16th 2007 Toronto, Canada.",
  year = "2007",
}

This paper presents the RASCAL System, a middleware component able to palpably ensure that user-level services communicating across infrastructure or ad-hoc networks continue to work even when deployed in disruptive environments such as major incidents sites. By palpable we mean that users should be able to notice, comprehend communication actions and - where necessary - negotiate di®erent levels of user control. This work highlights the features of the system, the end-user interaction and an evaluation scenario.

@InProceedings{ghizzioli2007_seamless,
  title = "A Seamless Hybrid Communication System forTransient Locations",
  author = "Roberto Ghizzioli and  Giovanni Rimassa and  Dominic Greenwood",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Pervasive2007_ghizzioli_rimassa_greenwood.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007",
  address = "Toronto, Canada",
  misc = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007, May 13th-16th 2007 Toronto, Canada.",
  year = "2007",
}

Often elderly people experience problems when introduced to assisted living technologies in their homes, as many of these technologies are based on principles of automation and invisibility. This paper reports on field studies of assisted living technology in the homes of seven elderly people. Based on the fieldwork and issues related to palpable computing we argue that when designing for assisted living a balance must be found, between ambient technology and palpability. Potentially making the technology noticeable, understandable and controllable depending on the situation of the elder.

@InProceedings{corry2007_balance,
  title = "Balancing user control",
  author = "Aino Corry and   Stinne Aaløkke and  Gunnar Kramp",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/AalokkeCorryKramp.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007",
  address = "Toronto, Canada",
  misc = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007, May 13th-16th 2007 Toronto, Canada.",
  year = "2007",
}

Starting out with a concrete example of some of the problems people encounter in realizing the potential of pervasive comput-ing, I present a detail from ethnographic observations in a neonatal intensive care unit to explore important causes for these difficulties in depth. Inspired by, but also critical of, notions of interactive and accountable computing, I propose to use studies of human-matter ‘intra-action’ to inform design for palpability.

@InProceedings{buscher2007_intra_action,
  title = "Studies of intra-action: Informing design for palpability",
  author = "Monika Büscher",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Buscher_pervasive_07_extended_abstract.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007",
  address = "Toronto, Canada",
  misc = "Designing for palpability Workshop at Pervasive 2007, May 13th-16th 2007 Toronto, Canada.",
  year = "2007",
}

Future laboratories allow users to experiment with future technologies in as realistic as possible conditions. We have devised this method because, to realize the potential of ubiquitous computing technologies it is essential to anticipate and design for future practices, but for prospective users it is often difficult to imagine and articulate future practices and provide design specifications. They readily invent new ways of working in engagement with new technologies, though and, by facilitating as realistic as possible use of prototype technologies in Future Laboratories designers and users can define both opportunities and constraints for design. We present 11 scenes from a Major Incidents Future Laboratory held in September 2005. For each scene we point out key results. Many raise tough questions rather than provide quick answers. In the discussion we summarize important lessons learnt

@InProceedings{buscher2007_future_palpable,
  title = "Making the future palpable: Notes from a major incident Future Laboratory",
  author = "Monika Büscher and  Margit Kristensen and  Preben Mogensen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/ISCRAM_MB_MK_PHM_final.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM)",
  address = "Delft, The Netherlands",
  misc = "Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) May 13th-16th 2007 Delft, The Netherlands",
  year = "2007",
}

In this paper we describe the inspiration for, and the design of, prototype technologies that support emergency teamwork. We combine ethnographic studies of material practice, participatory design collaboration with emergency personnel, and knowledge of the potential of ubiquitous computing technologies to ‘stretch’ the materiality of envi-ronments, persons and equipment. A range of prototypes – products of an iterative, ethnographically informed, participatory design process – are described in a series of scenarios. We conclude with a discussion of potential benefits and challenges our experience raises for socio-technical-material innovation in emergency teamwork.

@InProceedings{buscher2007_design_material,
  title = "Designing for material practices of coordinating emergency teamwork",
  author = "Monika Büscher and  Preben Mogensen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/ISCRAM_Buscher_Mogensen_final.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM)",
  address = "Delft, The Netherlands",
  misc = "Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM) May 13th-16th 2007 Delft, The Netherlands",
  year = "2007",
}

In this paper we present an abstraction of actors that combines the benefits of thread-based and event-based concurrency. Threads support blocking operations such as system I/O, and can be executed on multiple processor cores in parallel. Event-based computation, on the other hand, is more lightweight and scales to large numbers of actors. We also present a set of combinators that allows a flexible composition of these actors. Scala actors are implemented on the JVM, but our techniques can be applied to all multi-threaded VMs with a similar architecture, such as the CLR.

@TechReport{haller2007_actors,
  title = "Actors that Unify Threads and Events",
  author = "Philipp Haller and  Martin Odersky",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/haller07actorsunify.pdf}",
  institution = "EPFL, LAMP-REPORT-2007-001",
  misc = "Technical Report LAMP-REPORT-2007-001, EPFL, January 2007",
  year = "2007",
}

Data in object-oriented programming is organized in a hierarchy of classes. The problem of object-oriented pattern matching is how to explore this hierarchy from the outside. This usually involves classifying objects by their run-time type, accessing their members, or determining some other characteristic of a group of objects. In this paper we compare six different pattern matching techniques: object-oriented decomposition, visitors, type-tests/type-casts, typecase, case classes, and extractors. The techniques are compared on nine criteria related to conciseness, maintainability and performance. The paper introduces case classes and extractors as two new pattern-matching methods and shows that their combination works well for all of the established criteria.

@InProceedings{emir2006_match_obj,
  title = "Matching Objects With Patterns",
  author = "Burak Emir and  Martin Odersky and  John Williams",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/MatchingObjectsWithPatterns-TR.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming",
  misc = "Technical Report LAMP-REPORT-2006-006, EPFL, December 2006. To appear in Proceedings of European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming (ECOOP '07)",
  year = "2007",
}

This paper presents a computing model for resource-limited mobile devices that might be ubiquitously deployed in private and business environments. The model integrates a strongly-typed event-based communication paradigm with abstractions for frugal control, assuming a small footprint runtime. With our model, an application consists of a set of distributed reactive objects, called Frugal Objects (FROBs), that communicate through typed events and dynamically adapt their behavior according to notifications about changes in resource availability. FROBs have a logical time-slicing execution pattern that helps monitor resource consuming tasks and determine resource profiles in terms of CPU, memory, battery and bandwidth. The behavior of a FROB is represented by a set of stateless first-class bjects. Both state and behavioral objects are referenced through a level of indirection within the FROB. This facilitates the dynamic changes of the set of event types a FROB can accept, say based on the available resources, without requiring a significant footprint increase of the underlying FROB runtime.

@InProceedings{frugal,
  title = "Pervasive Computing with Frugal Objects",
  author = "Benoit Garbinato and  Rachid Guerraoui and  Jarle Hulaas and  Maxime Monod and  Jesper H. Spring",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the IEEE 21st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications",
  misc = "Proceedings of the IEEE 21st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA-07)",
  year = "2007",
}

This paper proposes a technique for letting end users build pervasive applications by combining services on networked devices. The approach avoids relying on standardized service interfaces which are deemed too limiting, and instead makes use of migratable user interfaces and scripted combinations of services.

@InProceedings{svensson2006_pervasive_script,
  title = "Pervasive applications through scripted assemblies of services",
  author = "David Svensson and  Görel Hedin and  Boris Magnusson",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/seps06-scripted-assemblies.pdf}",
  pages = "301-307",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Systems, 2007",
  misc = "Presented at SEPS 2006, 1st International Workshop on Software Engineering of Pervasive Services, Lyon, France, June 2006. Published in the proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing, 2007.",
  year = "2007",
}

Virtual machines raise the abstraction level of the execution environment at the cost of restricting the set of supported languages. Moreover, the ability of a language implementation to integrate with other languages hosted on the same virtual machine typically constrains the features of the language. In this paper, we present a highly flexible yet efficient approach to hosting multiple programming languages on an object-oriented virtual machine Our approach is based on extending the interface of each class with language-specific wrapper methods, offering each language a tailored view of a given class. This approach can be deployed both on a statically typed virtual machine, such as the JVM, and on a dynamic virtual machine, such as a Smalltalk virtual machine. We have implemented our approach to language interoperability on top of a prototype virtual machine for embedded systems based on the Smalltalk object model, which provides interoperability for embedded versions of the Smalltalk, Java, and BETA programming languages.

@Article{ekman2007_flex_language,
  title = "Flexible Language Interoperability",
  author = "Torbjørn Ekman and  Peter Mechlenborg and  Ulrik Pagh Schultz",
  journal = "Accepted for publication in Sept/Oct, 2007 issue of Journal of Object Technology",
  misc = "Accepted for publication in Sept/Oct, 2007 issue of Journal of  
Object Technology, http://www.jot.fm.",
  year = "2007",
}

The concern of this work is how knowledge based on design experience can be developed, disseminated, articulated and acquired. We propose the notion of inspirational patterns, or i-patterns, which refers to abstractions of core ideas and essential elements from a class of coherent examples, pointing to promising regions in the design space. Most current work on patterns concentrates on proven solutions to recurring problems; i-patterns, on the other hand, are oriented towards the innovative and inspirational. The design domain of interest to us is interaction design, which can be roughly defined as design with digital materials. More specifically, we focus on the intersection of tangible interfaces and social computing that is called embodied interaction. We present nine i-patterns for embodied interaction, as follows. 1) Virtual information is tied to positions in the material world. 2) Virtual bookmarks are tokens of positions in the material world. 3) Material objects are tokens of virtual information. 4) Virtual information has material properties. 5) Virtual information »forms« objects in the material world. 6) Material object qualities influence interaction qualities. 7) Heterogeneous virtual information fuses into a few sensory parameters. 8) Interactive and broadcast media combine to form a positive spiral of participation. 9) Virtual information and functions are limited to certain times.

@Article{lowgren2007_insp_pattern,
  title = "Inspirational patterns for embodied interaction",
  author = "Jonas Löwgren",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/NordesFinal.pdf}",
  journal = "Journal of Knowledge Technology and Policy",
  volume = "20",
  number = "3",
  year = "2007",
}

The paper reviews some aspects of the procurement and development of large scale systems and finds that there is still a high failure rate, which is especially visible in the public sector. It argues that the Participatory Design (PD) perspective offers cogent explanations for these failures, and can plausibly claim that it would do much better if its paradigm is given a serious chance. Yet members of the PD community seem mostly reluctant to become engaged in such developments, and the actual involvement of PD in these areas remains limited. The paper argues for PD's collective engagement and proposes a two-stage strategy for achieving this. It reviews this agenda from the perspective of PD as a political movement, and argues that this kind of involvement is 'reformist' but defensible. It will be difficult to persuade governments to take on this experimental strategy, but it should be possible.

@InProceedings{Proc. Sense and Sensibility: Decennial Critical Computing Conference. Aarhus University, Denmark.,
  title = "Participatory Design: The will to succeed",
  author = "Dan Shapiro",
  year = "2006",
}

The publication is 48 pages long and divided into three sections that capture the work of PalCom. The first section provides basic insight into the project, its goals and how PalCom's 100 researchers envision a new concept for pervasive computing: palpable computing. The second section looks into the prototypes and applications that the project builds for various fields; for example landscape architecture, healthcare and emergency response. Lastly, a section is devoted to the outcomes of PalCom and how project partners plan to make use of results and technologies.

@Misc{palcom2006magazine,
  title = "PalCom Magazine 2006",
  author = "Gunnar Kramp and  Preben Mogensen and  Maria Gaardmand Øster and  Marlene Nybro Thomsen and  Rikke Skovgaard Andersen and  Arne Vollertsen and  Michael Lund",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/palcom-magazine-2006.pdf}",
  howpublished = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/fileadmin/palcom/magazine/palcom-magazine-2006.pdf}",
  misc = "PalCom Magazine with general information about the PalCom project. Published in relation to the IST'06 Event in Helsinki, Finland.",
  year = "2006",
}

The current electronic health records (EHR) are not build to adequately support pervasive healthcare, but overcoming certain challenges could change that. In this paper we explicate that point by presenting results of applying participatory design to two scenarios: treating diabetic foot ulcers at home, and providing support for women during their pregnancy. In particular, the contributions of this paper are: (1) to explicate the diversity of the domain, and how this leads to complex issues in practice, (2) to present four particular issues that need to be addressed in the design of EHRs as found through application of participatory design in our two scenarios, (3) to establish promising approaches to handling those four issues, and (4) to present the core of a software architecture that supports these approaches

@InProceedings{corry2006_CSCW_EHR,
  title = "Beyond the Archive: Thinking CSCW into EHRs for Home Care",
  author = "Aino V. Corry and  Mads Ingstrup and  Simon B. Larsen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/04205186.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of Pervasive Health Conference and Workshops, 2006",
  misc = "Pervasive Health Conference and Workshops,
Nov. 29 2006-Dec. 1 2006
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/PCTHEALTH.2006.361695 ",
  year = "2006",
}

In this paper we introduce event-based actors as an implementation technique for lightweight actor abstractions on virtual machines that do not support first-class continuations or equivalent concepts for execution state management. We show that efficiency and scalability can be increased dramatically compared to thread-based actor languages and libraries. At the same time, event-based actors to a large extent support the convenient programming model of thread-based approaches. An inversion of control that is inherent in traditional event-based architectures is avoided.

@InProceedings{haller2006_event_prog,
  title = "Event-Based Programming without Inversion of Control",
  author = "Philipp Haller and  Martin Odersky",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/haller06jmlc.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Modular Languages Conference",
  address = "Oxford, England",
  misc = "Joint Modular Languages Conference (JMLC '06), September 2006 Oxford, England",
  year = "2006",
}

In mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) dynamic service composition is mandatory because of the permanently changing environment by reason of mobility and resource variability. Moreover, dynamic composition alone is not sufficient because devices could typically be very resource-constrained and the resource situation may change rapidly, e.g. battery power may fade away, or due to memory limits a service may not currently run on a device, though it is available in principle. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic service composition approach with two novel aspects. First, we focus on finding dynamic compositions for end-to-end functional descriptions even if functional nodes contained in that description are not directly compatible. Second, we address resource optimization based on simple rules, but with powerful means, such as deployment provisioning and migration of services and components within an ad hoc network.

@InProceedings{kaefer2006_dyn_res_constrain,
  title = "Dynamic Resource-Constrained Service Composition for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks",
  author = "Gerald Kaefer and  Reiner Schmid and  Guenter Prochart and  Reinhold Weiss",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems",
  address = "Dallas, Texas",
  misc = "18th IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems - PDCS'06, November 15th 2006, Dallas, Texas.",
  year = "2006",
}

This paper presents a computing model for resource-limited mobile devices. The originality of the model lies in the integration of a stronglytyped event-based communication paradigm with abstractions for frugal control, assuming a small footprint runtime. With our model, an application consists of a set of distributed reactive objects, called FROBs, that communicate through typed events and dynamically adapt their behavior reacting to notifications typically based on resource availability. FROBs have a logical time-slicing execution pattern that helps monitor resource consuming tasks and determine resource profiles in terms of CPU, memory, battery and bandwidth. The behavior of a FROB is represented by a set of stateless first-class objects. Both state and behavioral objects are referenced through a level of indirection within the FROB. This facilitates the dynamic changes of the set of event types a FROB can accept, say based on the available resources, without requiring a significant footprint increase of the underlying FROB runtime.

@InProceedings{garbinato2006_frugal_mob_obj,
  title = "Frugal Mobile Objects",
  author = "Benoit Garbinato and  Rachid Guerraoui and  Jarle Hulaas and  Maxime Monod and  Jesper H. Spring",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/LPD-EAWMS2006.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Euro-American Workshop on Middleware for Sensor Networks, co-located with the 2nd International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems",
  misc = "Euro-American Workshop on Middleware for Sensor Networks, co-located with the 2nd International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS '06)",
  year = "2006",
}

In this paper, we briefly describe how emergency response in major incidents typically is carried out, in terms of division of work, collaboration and use of technologies. We then describe two prototypes we are developing, meant to support those who act in emergency response. Use of these prototypes form what can be termed as media spaces – but rise questions to the traditional understanding of the media space concept – since the emergency response media spaces are not ‘set up’ in predefined physical settings, do allow use of a range of (not necessarily predefined) media, and the people in the media space cannot be defined as a limited group of users. We also rise questions to the formality of communication, where we see the communication going on in emergency response, as a mix of formal and informal communication.

@InProceedings{kristensen2006_media_spaces,
  title = "Media Spaces, places and palpable technologies",
  author = "Margit Kristensen and  Morten Kyng",
  booktitle = "Proceedings CSCW, workshop: Media Space: Reflecting on 20 Years",
  address = "Banff, Alberta, Canada",
  misc = "Proceedings, CSCW 2006, W1: Media Space: Reflecting on 20 Years. November 4-8, Banff, Alberta, Canada",
  year = "2006",
}

This paper presents the physical and digital design of a wireless biomonitoring system meant to be used especially in the prehospital medical emergency response. Handling of many patients with a minimum of ressources at major incidents is an immense challenge for the emergency personnel on work at an accident site. New technology such as the BlueBio biomonitoring system, can help emergency personnel monitor the patients and support them in making priorities of treatment and transport of patients. However, if new technology is to be introduced in such a complex and stressed situation it must relate to the palpable aspects of pervasive computing. It must be able to comply with the scale of the situation and still be understandable. It must also be able to comply with change of location and of users and yet still be stable, and it must comply with the shifting requirements from the users reagarding automation and user control. Our design framework, in relation to the BlueBio monitoring system, approaches these challenges from the perspective of familiarity, medical assesement and person ID/registration of data. We present how this informs and has implications for both the pyhsical and digital design of the current prototype.

@InProceedings{kramp2006_physical_bluebio,
  title = "Physical and digital design of the BlueBio biomonitoring system prototype, to be used in emergency medical response ",
  author = "Gunnar Kramp and  Margit Kristensen and  Jacob Frølund Pedersen",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare",
  address = "Innsbruck, Austria",
  misc = "Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare 2006. Innsbruck, Austria, November 29-December 1st, 2006",
  year = "2006",
}

This paper presents research on participatory design of interactive systems for emergency response. We present the work by going through the design method with a focus on the new elements that we developed for the participatory design toolkit, in particular we emphasize the use of challenges and visions as ways to bridge between fieldwork and literature studies on the one hand and the emerging computer based prototypes on the other. Our case concerns design of innovative interactive systems for support in emergency response, including patient identification and monitoring as well as construction and maintenance of a situational overview.

@InProceedings{kyng2006_challenge_emergency,
  title = "Challenges in designing interactive systems for emergency response",
  author = "Morten Kyng and  Esben Toftdahl Nielsen and  Margit Kristensen",
  pages = "301-310",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Designing Interactive systems",
  address = "University Park, PA, USA",
  misc = "Symposium on Designing Interactive Systems archive
Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Designing Interactive systems 
University Park, PA, USA 
SESSION: In public table of contents
Pages: 301 - 310   
Year of Publication: 2006 
ISBN:1-59593-367-0 ",
  year = "2006",
}

We describe our research—its approach, results and products— on Danish emergency medical service (EMS) field or “pre-hospital” work in minor and major incidents. We discuss how commitments to participatory design and attention to the qualitative differences between minor and major incidents address challenges identified by disaster sociologists when designing for major incidents. Through qualitative research and participatory design, we have examined the features of EMS work and technology use in different emergency situations from the perspective of multiple actors. We conceptualize victims in incidents—and particularly in major incidents, where on-site medical assessments is highly incomplete—as boundary objects over which the complex and imperfect work of coordination is done. As an outcome of our participatory design approach, we describe a set of designs in support of future EMS work.

@InProceedings{kristensen2006_pd_emergency,
  title = "Participatory design in emergency medical service: designing for future practice",
  author = "Margit Kristensen and  Morten Kyng and  Leysia Palen",
  pages = "161-170",
  booktitle = "Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems",
  address = "Montral, Qubec, Canada",
  misc = "Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems archive
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in computing systems table of contents

Montréal, Québec, Canada 
SESSION: Participatory design table of contents

Pages: 161 - 170   
Year of Publication: 2006 
ISBN:1-59593-372-7 ",
  year = "2006",
}

This paper discusses the value of stakeholder participation when designing technologies in delicate and fragile environment such as the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

@InProceedings{marti2006_fragili,
  title = "Progettare in ambienti 'fragili': il valore della partecipazione ",
  author = "Patrizia Marti and  Alessia Rullo",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Progettare%20in%20ambienti%20'fragili',%20il%20ruolo%20della%20partecipazione.pdf}",
  booktitle = "La parola e la Cura. Change Editions",
  address = "Torino, Italy",
  misc = "'La parola e la Cura'. Change Editions, Torino, Italy, Oct. 2006",
  year = "2006",
}

This paper describes an early design study in which the concept of assembly has been adopted to interpret the composition on the fly of digital services and devices in mobile settings. Two case studies for the health care domain (i.e. physical and cognitive rehabilitation and work practice at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit) will be presented in order to exemplify the proposed concepts.

@InProceedings{pollini2006_two_cases,
  title = "Constructing assemblies in the health care domain: two case studies",
  author = "Alessandro Pollini and  Erik Grønvall and  Patrizia Marti and  Alessia Rullo",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/AssemblyHealth-GuidVirt.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of Mobile Guide 06, Virtuality 06",
  address = "Turin, Italy",
  misc = "to appear in Proceedings of Mobile Guide 06, Virtuality 06, Turin, Italy, October 16th, 2006",
  year = "2006",
}

This paper presents some early design work of an innovative concept of an incubator, carried out under the European project Palcom. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of user requirements in care settings poses interesting methodological challenges. This paper details some methodological options for developing technologies which allow end-user composition and re-configurability, and documents how fieldwork has been translated into design solutions. In particular we describe the notion of technological assemblies interpreted as the combination of services and devices, which the users can dynamically configure to support their needs. We report on the importance of flexibility and control in the use of such technological assemblies in a neonatal ward and present an early prototype of incubator designed to be sensitive to the particular requirements of the setting.

@InProceedings{rullo2006_end_user_neonatal,
  title = "End-user composition and re-use of technologies in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit",
  author = "Alessia Rullo and  Patrizia Marti and  Erik Grønvall and  Alessandro Pollini",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/End-user%20composition%20and%20re-use%20of%20technologies%20in%20the%20Neonatal%20Intensive%20Care%20Unit_camera_ready_final.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of Pervasive Healthcare",
  address = "Innsbruck, Austria",
  misc = "Proceedings of Pervasive Healthcare, Innsbruck, Austria, November, 2006.",
  year = "2006",
}

In this paper we present a framework for dynamic resource-constrained composition in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in order to manage the permanently changing environment by reason of mobility and resource variability. Moreover, dynamic composition alone is not sufficient because devices could typically be very resource-constrained and the resource situation may change rapidly, e.g. battery power may fade away, or due to memory limits a service may not currently run on a device, though it is available in principle. The described framework provides two novel aspects: First, the framework provides automatic execution of dynamic compositions for endto-end functional descriptions even if functional nodes contained in that description are not directly compatible. Second, the framework approaches resource optimization based on simple rules, but with powerful means, such as deployment provisioning and migration of services and components within an ad hoc network.

@InProceedings{kaefer2006_frame_res_constrain,
  title = "Framework for Dynamic Resource-Constrained Service Composition for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks",
  author = "Gerald Kaefer and  Reiner Schmid and  Guenter Prochart and  Reinhold Weiss",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/position_paper.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 8th Annual Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, workshop on System Support for Ubiquitous Computing",
  address = "Orange County",
  misc = "8th Annual Conference on Ubiquitous Computing, Orange County, 17th-21th September 2006, UbiComp 2006, Workshop on System Support for Ubiquitous Computing",
  year = "2006",
}

This paper describes the design process of a modular system for supporting physical and cognitive rehabilitation in the swimming pool. In such an environment, the therapist is called to creatively adapt rehabilitation protocols to the enhanced ability of the patients, often reacting to emerging behaviours enabled by the water. Therefore a strong technological requirement for such environment is to develop a modular system that can be configured and modified “on the fly” during the activity, exploiting the therapeutic properties of the water. To satisfy such a requirement the system of Active Surfaces has been developed. It consists of a number of position aware floating units, called tiles, able to communicate each other and to provide visual, acoustic and tactile feedback. By combining the different tiles the therapist can easily configure the dedicated tasks for the various typology of patients. The concept has been developed following the Palpable Computing approach, an innovative design paradigm complementing key features of ambient computing, such as invisibility and end-user composition of devices, with dual features (e.g., visibility and decomposition) that enable users to navigate, configure and influence the computing system.

@InProceedings{gronvall2006_active_surfaces,
  title = "Active surfaces: a novel concept for end user composition",
  author = "Erik Grønvall and  Patricia Marti and  Alessandro Pollini and  Alessia Rullo",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/NordiCHI_ActiveSurfaces_camera-ready.pdf}",
  booktitle = "NordiCHI 2006",
  address = "Oslo, Norway",
  misc = "NordiCHI 2006. Oslo, Norway, 14-18 October 2006",
  year = "2006",
}

This paper describes the development of a modular system of interactive tiles to support therapists’ in performing therapeutic activities together with impaired children in a swimming pool. This work is based upon a deep understanding of therapist work practice and it has been integrated with a creative approach along iterative design cycles. These activities created the foundation on which the Active Surfaces concept and prototype has been developed. Active Surfaces support mobile interactions and dynamic configuration of assemblies of tiles. Each tile represents an interactive unit, able to communicate with other tiles and to exchange data. A tile is always aware of its position in respect to the others and able to provide a meaningful feedback in the interaction with the users. This enables the Active Surfaces to engage in the therapeutic activities.

@InProceedings{pollini2006_assemble_purposeful,
  title = "Constructing assemblies for purposeful interactions",
  author = "Alessandro Pollini and  Erik Grønvall",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/constructing_assemblies.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the MIRW 2006 workshop at MobileHCI",
  address = "Espoo, Finland",
  misc = "MIRW 2006 (workshop) at MobileHCI 2006, Espoo, Finland, 12 September 2006",
  year = "2006",
}

This paper describes the development of a modular system of interactive tiles to support therapists’ in performing therapeutic activities together with impaired children in a swimming pool. Active Surfaces support mobile interactions and dynamic configuration of assemblies of tiles. Each tile represents an interactive unit, able to communicate with other tiles and to exchange data. The tiles can be assembled on a physical and logical service level to support activities of different complexity. This creates technical challenges where assemblies are re-created over time between devices with limited input and output capabilities. Furthermore, Active Surfaces challenge the concept of understandability and how users can make sense of assembled systems with no or limited output capabilities.

@InProceedings{gronvall2006_game_logic,
  title = "Designing game logics for dynamic Active Surfaces",
  author = "Erik Grønvall and  Alessandro Pollini and  Alessia Rullo and  David Svensson",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Designing-game-logics.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the MUIA06 workshop at MobileHCI",
  address = "Espoo, Finland",
  misc = "MUIA06 (workshop) at MobileHCI 2006, Espoo, Finland, 12 September 2006",
  year = "2006",
}

Position paper

@InProceedings{buscher2006_making_digit,
  title = "Making the digital palpable",
  author = "Mokina Büscher",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Physicality_Buscher.pdf}",
  booktitle = "First International Workshop on Physicality",
  address = "Lancaster University",
  misc = "Gazahli, M. and Ramduny-Ellis, D., Hornecker, E. and Dix, A. Physicality. First International Workshop on Physicality, Lancaster University, UK, 6-7 February 2006. Position papers. http://physicality.org",
  year = "2006",
}

Based on various practical experiences from several interdisciplinary and participatory design (PD) sessions and research projects the paper exemplifies and argues, like many others, that physical working materials - Material Means - can encourage engaging ways of collaborating during intense interdisciplinary and participatory design work. However, the paper rises the question what the Materials really Mean. As an initial analytical framework the terms ‘Materials’, ‘Materializing’, ‘Materialized’ and ‘Re-Representing’ are used to briefly distinguish and discuss different types of ‘Material Means’ used during 3 different types of activities e.g. Working with User insights, Mock-ups & Scenarios and Key Issues. Yet challenging, from a designer’s perspective, the paper argues that most of the ‘Materialized’ outcomes also need to be exposed to activities of explicit ‘Re-Representing’ to seriously get an ongoing life within an iterative design process.

@InProceedings{eriksen2006_material_means,
  title = "Material Means... 'Re-Representing' - important explicit design activity",
  author = "Mette Agger Eriksen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/PDC2006_Material%20Means_MetteAggerEriksen_Final2.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference",
  misc = "will appear as an Exploratory Paper in the Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference 2006.",
  year = "2006",
}

Making software developers work towards a common goal may be likened to herding cats. If we further spread developers around the globe, we run increased risks of being unable to design and impose coherent software architectures on pro jects, potentially leading to lower quality of the resulting systems. Based on our experiences in a large, distributed research project, PalCom, we propose that employing techniques from active user involvement in general (and specifically participatory design) may help in designing and sharing quality software architectures.
In particular, we present the Traveling Architects technique in which a group of architects visit development locations in order to engage developers and end users in software architecture work. We argue that using techniques such as these may potentially lead to higher quality of software architectures in particular for systems developed in a distributed setting.

@InProceedings{corry2006_travel_arch,
  title = "Traveling Architects -  A New Way of Herding Cats",
  author = "Aino Vonge Corry and  Klaus Marius Hansen and  David Svensson",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of QoSA'2006",
  address = "http://www.springerlink.com/content/84h652x8p530gw1l/",
  misc = "QoSA'2006",
  year = "2006",
}

Recent advances in medical imaging, information and communication technology promise to support medical visual practice as well as everyday healthcare experience. However, this potential is not easy to realise. A better understanding of existing prac-tices can inform socio-technical innovation, and we draw on ethnographic observations and our involvement in the design of "palpable computing" to examine the use of ultrasound imaging technologies in consultations with pregnant women with a view to ideas and implications for socio-technical innovation.

@Article{buscher2006_soundsight,
  title = "Soundsight: Seeing with ultrasound",
  author = "Monika Büscher and  Gloria Jensen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Buscher_Jensen_Soundsight.pdf}",
  journal = "Health Informatics Journal",
  volume = "13",
  number = "1",
  pages = "23-26",
  misc = "2006 (accepted for publication) Health Informatics Journal",
  year = "2006",
}

(no abstract available)

@Misc{odersky2006_talk,
  title = "The Scala Experiment -- Can We Provide Better Language Support for Component Systems?",
  author = "Martin Odersky",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/The%20Scala%20Experiment.pdf}",
  howpublished = "Invited talk abstract, POPL",
  misc = "Invited talk abstract, POPL 2006",
  year = "2006",
}

Mobility and materiality are pervasive and revealing features of professional vision. In this paper I examine how landscape architects assess visual and landscape effects of proposed urban or rural developments. A focus on mobility and materiality reveals a struggle for objectivity and transparency, and the lived reality of Latour’s observation that ‘we have never been modern’ (1993). But it also highlights the emergence of new forms of perception and epistemic practice. Based on work with landscape architects and computer scientists in participatory technology research and design projects, I present an analysis of current practices and some observations on emerging future practices of appreciating and shaping places.

@Article{buscher2006_vision_motion,
  title = "Vision in motion",
  author = "Monika Büscher",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Vision_in_motion.pdf}",
  journal = "Environment and Planning A",
  volume = "38",
  number = "2",
  pages = "281-299",
  year = "2006",
}

Video is an important new instrument for sociological research, sometimes welcomed as the 'microscope' of social science. It provides access to important and otherwise difficult to examine aspects of human interaction. Moreover, because video captures practice in its lived production as 'another next first time' (Garfinkel 1992), it makes it possible to study practical creativity - the way in which people invent new practices. In this paper I probe the microscope metaphor through concrete examples from my work with landscape architects and computer scientists in participatory technology research and design projects.

@InProceedings{Sociological Research Online. Volume 10, Issue 1 ,
  title = "Social life under the microscope?",
  author = "Monika Büscher",
  year = "2005",
}

This paper introduces an event-based model for programming resource-limited mobile devices. Its originality lies in its adaptability and frugality. With this model, a program consists of a set of distributed frugal objects, called FROBs, that communicate through typed events and that may dynamically adapt their behaviors based on resource availability. To achieve frugality, a FROB relies on two resource awareness mechanisms: the ability to express resource needs before executing an action, and a logical time-slicing model to control resource-consuming tasks (typically loops). Resource needs are expressed via an adaptive resource model describing resources such as CPU, memory, and bandwidth. Adaptability is achieved by ynamically changing the set of event types a FROB can accept and the set of corresponding actions for treating those events. In particular, a FROB can shift its capabilities in case of contention, or augment its set of actions at runtime by downloading code from some remote FROB. We illustrate the use of our model on a concrete peer-to-peer audio streaming example, showing in particular how it supports graceful service degradation due to shortage of resources at runtime. We also evaluate our approach via a prototype of our model based on Sun's Java KVM targeted at resource constrained devices.

@InProceedings{ot4amlp,
  title = "Mobile Computing with Frugal Objects",
  author = "Benoit Garbinato and  Rachid Guerraoui and  Jarle Hulaas and  Ole Lehrmann Madsen and  Maxime Monod and  Jesper Honig Spring",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the Object Technology for Ambient Intelligence Workshop (OT4AmI)",
  year = "2005",
}

Emergency situations demand fast, effective multi-agency collaboration. Communication is crucial, but often difficult under immense time pressure, in extremely complex and often very dangerous settings. This paper explores the role of embodied conduct and movement in making sense of the changing situation and in coordinating emergency teamwork. It presents ethnographic observations with emergency service professionals during training exercises for major incidents and ethnomethodological analysis.

@InProceedings{buscher2005_embodied_emergency,
  title = "Interaction in motion: Embodied conduct in emergency teamwork",
  author = "Monika Büscher",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Buscher_IiM_final.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2nd International Society for Gesture Studies Conference, 'Interacting Bodies'",
  address = "Lyon, France",
  misc = "Mondada L. Online Multimedia Proceedings of the 2nd International Society for Ges-ture Studies Conference ‘Interacting Bodies’, 15-18 June 2005, Lyon, France.",
  year = "2005",
}

A central tenet of software architecture design is to base this on a formulation of desired quality attributes, such as buildability, performance, and availability of the target system. Thus there is a need for architectural evaluation—ensuring the architecture’s support for desired quality attributes—and a variety of evaluation techniques have been developed, described, and used. Architectural prototyping is an experimental approach that creates executable ‘skeleton’ systems to investigate architectural qualities of a future system. Architectural prototyping is a learning vehicle for exploring an architectural design space as well as an evaluation technique. The contribution of this paper is to explore the evaluation aspect of architectural prototypes from an analytical standpoint. We present an analysis and discussion of architectural prototyping in the context of two well-established quality frameworks. Our analysis concludes that architectural prototyping is a viable evaluation technique that may evaluate architectural quality attributes and especially valuable in cases where the balance between opposing qualities must be assessed.

@InProceedings{bardram2005_eplore_qa,
  title = "Exploring Quality Attributes using Architectural Prototyping",
  author = "Jakob Eyvind Bardram and  Henrik Bærbak Christensen and  Aino Vonge Corry and  Klaus Marius Hansen and  Mads Ingstrup",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of QoSA. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 3712/2005",
  address = "http://www.springerlink.com/index/87B3VCHGNQLGQ2BT.pdf",
  misc = "QoSA 2005, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, ISSN 0302-9743, Volume 3712/2005",
  year = "2005",
}

conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for Premature Newborns. The specificity and the delicateness of such a setting provided the opportunity for reflecting on how the different stakeholders perceive, interpret and use time in their different activities connected to their specific relation with the neonatal ward and the activities taking place there. The design concept of Palpable time sets this difference in focus to initiate a communication model aiming at supporting these needs. The value of this concept is that all members of the care community are entitled to act as equal partner in taking care of the baby. Therefore, this implies the idea of a horizontal organization in which all members are equally valued, where the stakeholders interacts according to their preferences from a time-space perspective. The system must handle roaming between spaces, devices and physical nets. Furthermore, it enables the users to configure emerging properties of their choice to propagate these to themselves and others. Managing and matching the heterogeneity of these different needs and profiles. Palpable Time supports the creation and the consolidation of a Care Community around the Neonatal Ward. Today the concept is explored through an early prototype used as a springboard for further development.

@InProceedings{gronvall2005_palp_time,
  title = "Palpable Time for Heterogeneous Care Communities",
  author = "Erik Grønvall and  Patrizia Marti and  Alessandro Pollini and  Alessia Rullo and  Olav W. Bertelsen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/p149-gronvall.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th Decennial Aarhus Conference on Critical Computing, between sense and sensibility",
  address = "Aarhus, Denmark",
  misc = "Critical Computing, between sense and sensibility. The Fourth Decennial Aarhus Conference 2005. 20-24 August 2005.",
  year = "2005",
}

The MUI framework supports composition of ad-hoc applications from services available on ad-hoc networked devices. MUI is an open-ended framework, relying on migrating user interfaces and standardized data formats for connecting services, allowing existing devices to be connected to new devices without needing any pre-defined knowledge of their services. We illustrate the benefits of the approach with scenarios involving devices like cameras and laptops that are connected through wireless networks.

@InProceedings{svensson2005_composing_adhoc,
  title = "Composing ad-hoc applications on ad-hoc networks using MUI",
  author = "David Svensson and  Boris Magnusson and  Görel Hedin",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Composing%20ad-hoc%20applications%20on%20ad-hoc%20networks%20using%20MUI.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Conference on Object-Oriented and Internet-based Technologies, Concepts, and Applications for a Networked World",
  address = "Erfurt, Germany",
  misc = "Proceedings of Net.ObjectDays 2005, 6th Annual International Conference on Object-Oriented and Internet-based Technologies, Concepts, and Applications for a Networked World, Erfurt, Germany, September 2005.",
  year = "2005",
}

We identify three programming language abstractions for the construction of reusable components: abstract type members, explicit selftypes, and modular mixin composition. Together, these abstractions enable us to transform an arbitrary assembly of static program parts with hard references between them into a system of reusable components. The transformation maintains the structure of the original system. We demonstrate this approach in two case studies, a subject/observer framework and a compiler front-end.

@InProceedings{odersky2005_scalable,
  title = "Scalable Component Abstractions",
  author = "Martin Odersky and  Matthias Zenger",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Scalable%20Component%20Abstractions.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings, OOPSLA 2005",
  misc = "Proc. OOPSLA 2005",
  year = "2005",
}

The availability of both healthcare professional oriented and solely personal information is of great importance to women during their pregnancy. The data constituting this information is currently distributed between many parties which makes it very difficult for the pregnant woman to assess her situation. To address these issues we have pursued the idea of providing each woman with a digital artefact intended as a starting point for the provision of pregnancy support. Secondly the coordination of information between several parties of the health sector suffers from redundancy that could be rectified by simple technical aids. In this paper we describe the challenges found in relation to pregnancies and propose a solution to meet these challenges.

@InProceedings{corry2005_the_stone,
  title = "The Stone: Digital support for (un)common issues during pregnancy",
  author = "Aino Vonge Corry and  Tony Gjerlufsen and  Jesper Wolff Olsen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/The%20Stone%3a%20Digital%20support%20for%20(un)common%20issues%20during%20pregnancy.pdf}",
  pages = "15-19",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Scandinavian conference on Health Informatics",
  address = "Aalborg, Denmark",
  misc = "SHI2005, PROCEEDINGS, 3rd Scandinavian conference on Health 
Informatics,Aalborg University, August 25-26, pp 15-19, 2005 ISBN 87-986264-5-0
",
  year = "2005",
}

This paper focuses on development of it support for health-care professionals acting in major incidents. We introduce the participatory design approach as adequate for analysis, de-sign and development of technologies for use in complex envi-ronments and situations, and describe the actual participatory design efforts. Then we present our analysis of the need for it-support in relation to major incidents. The analysis concen-trates on four main problem areas. These are: a) Use of bio-monitors, b) Person identification and registration of data, c) Communication and d) Overview. We then describe the Blue-Bio biomonitor prototype, a wireless multifunction biomoni-tor. BlueBio data can be accessed by the healthcare profes-sionals independent of where they are located and displayed on different types of devices tailored to the needs of the indi-vidual professional. Finally we discuss some challenges re-garding the prototype development process.

@InProceedings{kristensen2005_it_support,
  title = "IT support for healthcare professionals acting in major incidents",
  author = "Margit Kristensen and  Morten Kyng and  Esben Toftdahl Nielsen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Major%20Incidents%20paper%20SHI2005-v1.pdf}",
  pages = "37-41",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd Scandinavian conference on Health Informatics",
  address = "Aalborg, Denmark",
  misc = "SHI2005, PROCEEDINGS, 3rd Scandinavian conference on Health Informatics,Aalborg University, August 25-26, pp 37-41, 2005ISBN 87-986264-5-0",
  year = "2005",
}

This paper presents a computing approach, called Palpable Computing, complementing and extending Ambient Computing notions and techniques. The main contribution of this paper lies in defining and discussing what role Agent Technology can play in Palpable Computing, and which of its ideas and technical approaches are (or are not) well suited to be adopted as a support for the Palpable Computing vision.

@InProceedings{rimassa2005_palp_comp_agent,
  title = "Palpable Computing and the Role of Agent Technology",
  author = "Giovanni Rimassa and  Dominic Greenwood and  Monique Calisti",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Palpable%20Computing%20and%20the%20Role%20of%20Agent%20Technology.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 4th International Central and Eastern European Conference on Multi-Agent Systems",
  address = "Budapest, Hungary",
  misc = "Multi-Agent Systems and Applications IV, 4th International Central and Eastern European Conference on Multi-Agent Systems, CEEMAS 2005, Budapest, Hungary, September 2005, Proceedings, Volume Editor(s): P\ěchou\ček, Michal; Petta, Paolo; Varga, László Z.",
  year = "2005",
}

Recent research shows runtime architectural reflection is instrumental in, for instance, building adaptive and flexible systems or checking correspondence between design and implementation. Moreover, experience with computational reflection in various branches of computer science shows that the interface through which the meta-information of the running system is accessed, and possibly modified, lies at the heart of designing reflective systems. This paper proposes that such an interface should be like a database: accessed through queries expressed using the concepts with which architecture is described.

Specifically, our contributions are: (1) a presentation of the general idea of a query-based approach to architectural reflection, (2) a definition of an Architectural Query Language (AQL) in which perspectives on an architectural model can be expressed as queries, (3) a prototype of a system which both creates runtime models of specific distributed architectures and allow for evaluation of AQL queries on these models. We illustrate the viability of the approach in two particular applications of such a model: constraint checking relative to an architectural style, and reasoning about certain quality attributes of an architecture.

@InProceedings{ingstrup2005_decl_approach,
  title = "A Declarative Approach to Architectural Reflection",
  author = "Mads Ingstrup and  Klaus Marius Hansen",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 5th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA 2005)",
  misc = "Proceedings of the 5th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA 2005)
",
  year = "2005",
}

This paper describes an event dissemination algorithm that implements a topic-based publish/subscribe interaction abstraction in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs). Our algorithm is frugal in two senses. First, it reduces the total number of duplicates and parasite events received by the subscribers. Second, both the mobility of the publishers and the subscribers, as well as the validity periods of the events, are exploited to achieve a high level of dissemination reliability with a thrifty usage of the memory and bandwidth. Besides, our algorithm is inherently portable and does not assume any underlying routing protocol. We give simulation results of our algorithms in the two most popular mobility models: city section and random waypoint and compare our algorithm with different flooding approaches both in terms of bandwidth, parasite and duplicate events. We also devise an optimized version of our algorithm in order to make it more energy efficient (in reducing the number of messages sent) and finally highlight interesting empirical lower bounds on the minimal validity period of any given event to ensure its reliable dissemination.

@InProceedings{baehni2005_frugal_event,
  title = "Frugal Event Dissemination in a Mobile Environment",
  author = "Sebastien Baehni and  Chirdeep Singh Chabra and  Rachid Guerraoui",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 6th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Middleware Conference",
  address = "Grenoble, France",
  misc = "ACM/IFIP/USENIX 6th International Middleware Conference, Grenoble, November.",
  year = "2005",
}

This paper describes a methodology for designing component models by supporting the consideration of fundamental issues within the component model design space. Typically new software architecture designs define numerous general goals and constraints. Because numerous wellestablished component models exist, a new component model design should make use of state-of-the-art concepts and investigate new required features, due to its specific requirements, but not yet provided by existing concepts. So the component model designer saves time on doing standard concepts and may spend this saved time for specific innovative concepts.
The component model design space illustrates the major screws one can adjust in order to design component models according to ones specific needs.

@InProceedings{kaefer2005_comp_model,
  title = "Component Model Design Space ",
  author = "Gerald Kaefer and  Reiner Schmid",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th IASTED International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems",
  address = "Phoenix, AZ, USA",
  misc = "Conference: 
The 17th IASTED International Conference on 
PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING AND SYSTEMS ~PDCS 2005~ 
November 14-16, 2005 
Phoenix, AZ, USA 

",
  year = "2005",
}

The paper describes interdisciplinary research that has produced systems and devices to support the work of architecture, engineering and construction. Spatial computing facilitates the production of abstract and literal spaces for collaboration and teamwork, modelling and experimentation with 3D sites and terrains, bridging between digital and physical materials, mobility, and ambience, with the flexible combination of systems and devices as they are needed.

@InProceedings{shapiro2005_spatial_comp,
  title = "Spatial Computing and Ambient Collaborative Environments for Design and Construction",
  author = "Dan Shapiro and  Monika Büscher and  Preben Mogensen and  Michael Christensen and  Peter Ørbæk",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/AEC-Spatial.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Innovation in Architecture, Engineering and Construction",
  address = "Rotterdam, Netherland",
  misc = "Proc. 3rd International Conference on Innovation in
Architecture, Enagineering and Construction (AEC2005), Rotterdam, The
Netherlands, 15-17 June 2005. ",
  year = "2005",
}

Ambient computing promises to deliver a smooth end-user experience where computers integrated into the environment automatically and transparently support users in their daily tasks. Users must however always remain in control; balancing transparency and automation with awareness and control is the goal of the Palpable Computing project (http://www.ist-palcom.org). As an extension of ambient computing, PalCom places requirements on many parts of the system architecture; we here address the requirements placed on the underlying virtual machine. Specifically, we describe the overall design and features of our current prototype implementation of a virtual machine for palpable computing systems, and outline our approach to resolving critical issues within reflection, scalability, and stability.

@InProceedings{schultz2005_ecoop,
  title = "Virtual Machines for Ambient Computing: A Palpable Computing Perspective",
  author = "Ulrik Pagh Schultz and  Erik Corry and  Kasper V. Lund",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/OT4AMI-prevm.pdf}",
  booktitle = "ECOOP 2005 Object Technology for Ambient Intelligence Workshop",
  address = "Glasgow, U.K.",
  misc = "ECOOP 2005 Object Technology for Ambient Intelligence Workshop, Glasgow, U.K.
",
  year = "2005",
}

Ambient intelligence and ambient computing is concerned with providing people with information, means of communication, and entertainment at any time and at any place. This vision is implemented by distributed populations of devices capable of adapting their characteristics according to the extant and anticipated needs of users. Palpable Computing (PalCom) complements and extends the tenets of ambient computing by focusing on the user experience through control, understandability, de-construction of systems and variable visibility of underlying computational process. This paper first presents an Open Architecture proposed to support the challenges and requirements of palpable computing infrastructures. It then moves on to discuss the implications of PalCom to object technology.

@InProceedings{andersen2005_ecoop,
  title = "Open Architecture for Palpable Computing: Some Thoughts on Object Technology, Palpable Computing, and Architectures for Ambient Computing",
  author = "Peter Andersen and  Jakob Eyvind Bardram and  Henrik Brbak Christensen and  Aino Vonge Corry and  Dominic Greenwood and  Klaus Marius Hansen and  Reiner Schmid",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/OT4AMI-2005.pdf}",
  booktitle = "ECOOP 2005 Object Technology for Ambient Intelligence Workshop",
  address = "Glasgow, U.K.",
  misc = "ECOOP 2005 Object Technology for Ambient Intelligence Workshop, Glasgow, U.K.
",
  year = "2005",
}

This report describes the hierarchical maps used as a central data structure in the Corundum framework. We describe its most prominent features, argue for its usefulness and briefly describe some of the software prototypes implemented using the technology.

@TechReport{Poe2005pb575,
  title = "Programming with Hierarchical Maps",
  author = "Peter Ørbæk",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/Palcom-Hierarchical-Maps.pdf}",
  institution = "University of Aarhus, Daimi PB-575",
  year = "2005",
}

An important characteristic of ubiquitous computing is that the computational services in our environment are envisioned to be far more interconnectable than today. This means it should be possible to combine them to suit the purpose at hand at any given time. However, given a particular combination of services, there are numerable combined behaviours that could be meaningful. Furthermore, ubiquitous computing is often characterized by dynamically changing, heterogeneous combinations of services. It is therefore necessary to be able to specify the desired behavior and to be able to switch dynamically and easily between several such behaviours. Assemblies, as a concept in ubiquitous computing, has been suggested as a mechanism to represent a set of services and their behavior. After summarising the use-inspired notion of an assembly, this paper (1) clarifies the concept from a software engineering perspective, arguing that an assembly is both an architectural connector and a component (2) that an assembly should have a programmatic representation (3) provides a discussion of what it should comprise, based on realistic examples grounded in participatory design (4) the challenges facing the adoption of the concept, and finally (5) shows that a particular suggestion for its implementation based on publish/subscribe is architecturally realizable.

@InProceedings{IngstrupHansen2005PalpableAssemblies,
  title = "Palpable Assemblies: Dynamic Service Composition for Ubiquitous Computing",
  author = "Mads Ingstrup and  Klaus Marius Hansen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/PalpableAssemblies-SEKE05.pdf}",
  pages = "632-638",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering",
  address = "Tapei, Taiwan",
  year = "2005",
}

Undergoing rehabilitation is a learning process. For the patient to learn about his condition and ways of affecting it. For the caregiver to learn about the patient’s situation and potential. This mutual learning can be supported through the notion of collaborative articulation. A paper interfaces is used for sharing relevant patient narratives, adding supportive media for patients to take home, collaboratively articulating the next steps in treatment and generating feedback on progress. The CARE paper carries link to digital media which can be viewed on a variety of displays. A special device, Mouse++, is used for navigating on the paper as well as on the active display. Patients can use ordinary capture devices such as cameras, voice recorders or video cameras and there after attach the media to the paper. At the clinic the paper can be used for capturing instruction videos on training or how to take care of the wound etc. The design case described is a work in progress.

@InProceedings{linde2005_CARE,
  title = "The CARE paper - Collaborative articulation in rehabilitation after hand surgery.",
  author = "Per Linde and  Stefan Olofsson and  Thomas Sokoler and  Jonas Löwgren and  Mette Agger Eriksen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/CARE-paper.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the Nordic Design Conference",
  address = "Copenhagen, Denmark",
  year = "2005",
}

We are currently taking part in the EU project on Palpable Computing that aims at providing a new perspective on ambient computing [palcom2004]. One key issue in this project is that it must be possible for users to construct new systems from existing components, and for deconstructing existing systems into their constituents. In this position paper we present some ideas we have about using domain-specific languages for programming such palpable systems.

@Misc{hedin-bspc04,
  title = "Domain-specific languages for pervasive systems",
  author = "Görel Hedin and  Boris Magnusson",
  howpublished = "Position paper at the OOPSLA 2004 Workshop for Building Software for Pervasive Computing",
  year = "2004",
}

Rewritable Reference Attributed Grammars (ReRAGs) is a recently developed compiler-compiler technology based on object-orientation, aspect-orientation, reference attributed grammars, and conditional rewrites. In this paper we describe our experiences from using ReRAGs for implementing Java compilers. We illustrate how the usage of ReRAGs renders a rather compact, yet easy-to-understand and modular compiler specification where code analysis, restructurings, and optimizations can be conveniently described as aspects performing computations and transformations on the abstract syntax tree. Currently, we have implemented two compilers: one that generates C code with real-time support, and one that generates Java bytecode. Both share the same front end.

@Article{nilsson-njc,
  title = "Implementing Java Compilers using ReRAGs",
  author = "Anders Nilsson and  Anders Ive and  Torbjörn Ekman and  Görel Hedin",
  journal = "Nordic Journal of Computing",
  volume = "11",
  number = "3",
  pages = "213-234",
  year = "2004",
}

The MUI project looks at flexible ways of creating user-initiated connections between services in wireless networks. A central idea is to migrate user interfaces from controlled devices to devices with better input/output capabilities. The paper shows the different parts of the MUI architecture, and motivates design choices. An initial implementation and a framework for building MUI services are described.

@InProceedings{SvenssonMagnusson2004nwper,
  title = "An Architecture for Migrating User Interfaces",
  author = "David Svensson and  Boris Magnusson",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/An%20Architecture%20for%20Migrating%20User%20Interfaces.pdf}",
  pages = "31-44",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of NWPER'2004, 11th Nordic Workshop on Programming and Software Development Tools and Techniques",
  address = "Turku, Finland",
  misc = "In proceedings of NWPER'2004, 11th Nordic Workshop on Programming and Software Development Tools and Techniques, pages 31-44, Turku, Finland, August 2004.",
  year = "2004",
}

This paper discusses and evaluates use of different participatory design methods in relation to addressing the challenge of grounding imagination. It presents reflections on the use of three participatory design methods, deployed in the WorkSpace project: future laboratories, in-situ prototyping experiments and bricolage. The analysis examines how the methods differ, and how they complement one another, in relation to supporting the process of grounding imagination. The paper introduces "future laboratories" as a participatory design method, specifically aiming at promoting interdisciplinary collaboration and grounded imagination.

@InProceedings{buscher2004_ways_of_grounding,
  title = "Ways of grounding imagination",
  author = "Monika Büscher and  Mette Agger Eriksen and  Jannie Friis Kristensen and  Preben Holst Mogensen",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/PDC2004.pdf}",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference",
  address = "Toronto, Canada",
  misc = "Proceedings of Participatory Design Conference (PDC) 2004, Toronto, Canada, July 2004.",
  year = "2004",
}

This report describes architectures and experiences with building these from a number of projects related to pervasive computing that have run with participants from Department of Computer Science, University of Aarhus over the last couple of years. The architectures were presented at a presentation day on 7th January 2004.The main purpose of the presentation day and this document is to serve as referential basis for the work going into defining and researching architectures for palpable computing as described primarily by the work package 2 in the Description of Work for the PalCom EU project (http://www.palcom.dk). Software architectures are described and discussed as the primary benefits and liabilities of the architectures as well as the processes that lead to them are presented.

@TechReport{christensen2004_arch_presen,
  title = "Architecture Presentations: Experiences from Pervasive Computing Projects at Computer Science Department, University of Aarhus",
  author = "Henrik Bærbak Christensen and  Klaus Marius Hansen and  Ulrik Pagh Schultz and  Peter Ørbæk and  Niels Olof Bouvin",
  note = "\url{http://www.ist-palcom.org/publications/files/CfPC-2004-PB-57.pdf}",
  institution = "University of Aarhus",
  year = "2004",
}

A major part of software architecture design is learning how specific architectural designs balance the concerns of stakeholders. We explore the notion of "architectural prototypes", correspondingly architectural prototyping, as a means of using executable prototypes to investigate stakeholders’ concerns with respect to a system under development. An architectural prototype is primarily a learning and communication vehicle used to explore and experiment with alternative architectural styles, features, and patterns in order to balance different architectural qualities. The use of architectural prototypes in the development process is discussed, and we argue that such prototypes can play a role throughout the entire process. The use of architectural prototypes are illustrated by three distinct cases of creating software systems. We argue that architectural prototyping can provide key insights that may otherwise be difficult to obtain before a system is built. Furthermore, they define skeleton systems that serve as communication means and knowledge transfer among stakeholders.

@InProceedings{bardram2004_arch_proto,
  title = "Architectural Prototyping: An Approach for Grounding Architectural Design and Learning",
  author = "Jakob Eyvind Bardram and  Henrik Bærbak Christensen and  Klaus Marius Hansen",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of 4th working conference on Software Architecture",
  address = "Oslo, Norway",
  misc = "Proceedings of 4th working conference on Software Architecture June 12 - 15, Oslo, Norway, 2004.
http://csdl.computer.org/comp/proceedings/wicsa/2004/2172/00/21720015abs.htm",
  year = "2004",
}